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管仲相齐与梭伦立法----对法律改革的思索/胡晓东

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管仲相齐与梭伦立法
-----对法律改革的思索

胡晓东*


中国与西欧在环境、气候上有相当差异,而在这大的差异下,如果对某写较小的区域来进行探索、研
究,也会找到某些相近似的状况。然而,在相近的环境、历史状况下,所面临的问题即使有相似性,但人
们选择处理问题的方式却会有不同的模式,而在寻求有异又有相同的模式来解决具有相似性的问题时,所
得出的社会效果及历史影响也必然会既有相近又有相异的。
在公元前7世纪到公元前6世纪之间,在东方东海之滨的中国和西方地中海沿岸的雅典相继出现了俩
个对各自国家的历史、法律都有深远影响的改革家------管仲、梭伦。它们通过改革立法使各自的邦国日渐
强盛,并为日后在各自地区成为盟主奠定基础。现在与全球化风潮之下,即各国面临的全球环境、政治秩
序、法律秩序趋于一致而又存相异的大前提下,对两位先贤在他们的时代所运用的模式进行一些比较,也
许对我们当今的改革做一番思索是有所裨益的。
个人经历之异同
管仲(?--BC645(643))又称夷吾、敬仲,字仲,颖上人。其出身在平民或者贵族之间,资料各说不
一。从史记的记载中可知 ,管仲年轻时曾与鲍叔牙一同经商。但在经商没多久后,俩人各事其主。在公子
纠和公子小白争夺齐国君主之位的斗争中,小白胜而为君,管仲而受辱乃幽囚。后经鲍叔牙引荐而始辅齐,
此后主齐辅政四十余年,管仲采用一系列改革,促进齐国政治、经济得以长足发展,使齐国日益富强,终
助齐君桓公成就霸业,并使齐桓公成为春秋诸国之盟主多年,后于齐国之相位上辞世。
梭伦(约BC638---BC559)古代雅典著名的改革家、立法家和诗人。他作为古代希腊谦和美德的集中
体现者,被誉为古希腊颇有名望的七贤之一。梭伦是雅典萨拉米斯贵族后裔,但由于其父乐善好施,到梭
伦年轻时,家庭经济已不宽裕。故他就外出做生意,以养家需。同时体会外出经营商业的酸甜苦辣,并游
历地中海沿岸城邦。其足迹遍及希腊许多城邦及小亚细亚等地,他了解各地风土人情,考察各种社会制度,
结交各地名贤之人。后因萨拉米斯大捷而声震雅典,并因他的才华和人品使其声望和威信在雅典人心中逐
渐提高,在雅典各阶层都有一定的认可度。终于在BC594年成为九执政中的第一执政(首席执政官),此
后他开始立法变革。于执政二十二年之后,在雅典人发誓十年不改其法律的誓言的情况下而离开雅典,远
行至埃及等地进行游历,周游各地十年后梭伦返回雅典,又与僭主庇西特拉图做了抗争,最后终老雅典。
从两者的经历中能看出俩人都曾经作为商业从事者于所在地域游历,并获取了详实的资料,这为两人
在后来担任改革重任时(尽管一位是辅政者,一位是主政者),都能制定出切合他们所在时代和所在区域的
实际状况的策略打下坚实基础。用太史公之言“天下熙熙,皆为利来,天下攘攘,皆为利往。” 来表述两
位先贤不畏艰难,四处经商寻求利益是有一定切合之语。
但是两位先贤由于诸多情况,各自的经历又是相当有差异的。首先,两者在经商的成绩上有所不同。
史记中虽未记载管仲经商成功与否,但从管仲言“吾始困时,尝于鲍叔贾,分财利多自与,鲍叔不以我为
贪,知我贫也。” 可知,至少在管仲和鲍叔之间,管仲的经营资力出于下位。“吾尝与鲍叔谋事以更穷困,
鲍叔不以我为愚,只时有利不利也。” 可推知其在商业经营中没有获得较大成功才谋事以更穷困。加之西
周商人的地位并不是较高,能否推算管仲在商业经营上虽然获得一定成绩,但很快就转入予他人谋其事的
方向,即成为谋划策事之人。而梭伦则如亚里士多德所言“梭伦在出身与名望方面均属上等阶层,但在财
富与现实地位方面属于中等阶层。” ,可知其在家道渐微之时,含辛茹苦,励精图治,恢复其经济实力,
使他处于中上等的地位,但仍然不是大工商主的地位。其较管子的社会地位已经不同,这其中原因与希腊
原本就对商业不贬有关,商业的成功有益于社会综合地位的提升。这些使两人在后来的策事时所采取的方
略有所不同。
其次,两人改革的权力之获取方式不同。管子经过公子纠与公子小白之争,已处于幽囚,在鲍叔的举
荐下方为桓公(小白)所用,后渐握相权。而梭伦则是在萨拉米斯之战中获得威望,又因其原系雅典望族,
故在雅典各阶层获得认可,经公推而成为首席执政官。这样就必然形成两人在改革中寻求之目的有差异,
管子必须协调其上位之人的意志与社会现实,且以上位之人(君主)的意志为首位;而梭伦则以协调各阶
层的意志与社会现实,往往以社会现实为首位,寻求各阶层之共益。
再次,两者改革立法时所处之位置相异极大。管子是以辅政之位来推行其改革,而梭伦则以主执政之
职实现其立法改革。故而管子所推行之策略必须经君主的批准方可实行,这里就出现了君权不能触及之瑕,

中华人民共和国印花税暂行条例(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国印花税暂行条例(附英文)

1988年6月24日国务院第九次常务会议通过,1988年8月6日中华人民共和国国务院令第十一号发布)

第一条 在中华人民共和国境内书立、领受本条例所列举凭证的单位和个人,都是印花税的纳税义务人(以下简称纳税人),应当按照本条例规定缴纳印花税。
第二条 下列凭证为应纳税凭证:
(一)购销、加工承揽、建设工程承包、财产租赁、货物运输、仓储保管、借款、财产保险、技术合同或者具有合同性质的凭证;
(二)产权转移书据;
(三)营业帐薄;
(四)权利、许可证照;
(五)经财政部确定征税的其他凭证。
第三条 纳税人根据应纳税凭证的性质,分别按比例税率或者按件定额计算应纳税额,具体税率、税额的确定,依照本条例所附《印花税税目税率表》执行。
应纳税额不足1角的,免纳印花税。
应纳税额在1角以上的,其税额尾数不满5分的不计,满5分的按1角计算缴纳。
第四条 下列凭证免纳印共税:
(一)已缴纳印花税的凭证的副本或者抄本:
(二)财产所有人将财产赠给政府、社会福利单位、学校所立的书据;
(三)经财政部批准免税的其他凭证,
第五条 印花税实行由纳税人根据规定自行计算应纳税额,购买并一次贴足印花税票(以下简称贴花)的缴纳办法。
为简化贴花手续,应纳税额较大或者贴花次数频繁的,纳税人可向税务机关提出申请,采取以缴款书代替贴花或者按期汇总缴纳的办法。
第六条 印花税票应当粘贴在应纳税凭证上,并由纳税人在每枚税票的骑缝处盖戳注销或者画销。
已贴用的印花税票不得重用。
第七条 应纳税凭证应当于书立或者领受时贴花。
第八条 同一凭证,由两方或者两方以上当事人签订并各执一份的,应当由各方就所执的一份各自全额贴花。
第九条 已贴花的凭证,修改后所载金额增加的,其增加部分应当补贴印花税票。
第十条 印花税由税务机关负责征收管理。
第十一条 印花税票由国家税务局监制。票面金额以人民币为单位。
第十二条 发放或者办理应纳税凭证的单位,负有监督纳税人依法纳税的义务。
第十三条 纳税人有下列行为之一的,由税务机关根据情节轻重,予以处罚:
(一)在应纳税凭证上未贴或者少贴印花税票的,税务机关除责令其补贴印花税票外,可处以应补贴印花税票金额20倍以下的罚款;
(二)违反本条例第六条第一款规定的,税务机关可处以未注销或者画销印花税票金额10倍以下的罚款;
(三)违反本条例第六条第二款规定的,税务机关可处以重用印花税票金额30倍以下的罚款。
伪造印花税票的,由税务机关提请司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第十四条 印花税的征收管理,除本条例规定者外,依照《中华人民共和国税收征收管理暂行条例》的有关规定执行。
第十五条 本条例由财政部负责解释;施行细则由财政部制定。
第十六条 本条例自1988年10月1日起施行。
附件:印花税税目税率表
印花税税目税率表
━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━
税 目 ┃ 范 围 ┃ 税 率 ┃纳税义务人┃ 说 明
━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━╋━━━━━╋━━━━━
1.购销合同┃包括供应、预购、 ┃按购销金 ┃立合同人 ┃
┃采购、购销结合及 ┃额0.3‰贴 ┃ ┃
┃协作、调剂、补偿、┃花 ┃ ┃
┃易货等合同 ┃ ┃ ┃
2.加工承揽┃包括加工、定作、 ┃按加工或 ┃立合同人 ┃
合同 ┃修缮、修理、印刷、┃承揽收入 ┃ ┃
┃广告、测绘、测试 ┃0.5‰贴 ┃ ┃
┃等合同 ┃花 ┃ ┃
3.建设工程┃包括勘察、设计合 ┃按收取费 ┃立合同人 ┃
勘察设计┃同 ┃用0.5‰贴 ┃ ┃
合同 ┃ ┃花 ┃ ┃
4.建筑安装┃包括建筑、安装工 ┃按承包金 ┃立合同人 ┃
工程承包┃程承包合同 ┃额0.3‰贴 ┃ ┃
合同 ┃ ┃花 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
5.财产租赁┃包括租赁房屋、船 ┃按租金额 ┃立合同人 ┃
合同 ┃舶、飞机、机动车 ┃1‰贴 ┃ ┃
┃辆、机械、器具、 ┃花。税额 ┃ ┃
┃设备等合同 ┃不足1元 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃的按1元 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃贴花 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
6.货物运输┃包括民用航空、铁 ┃按运输费 ┃立合同人 ┃单据作为
合同 ┃路运输、海上运输、┃用0.5‰贴 ┃ ┃合同使用
┃内河运输、公路运 ┃花 ┃ ┃的,按合
┃输和联运合同 ┃ ┃ ┃同贴花
7.仓储保管┃包括仓储、保管合 ┃按仓储保 ┃立合同人 ┃仓单或栈
合同 ┃同 ┃管费用 ┃ ┃单作为合
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃同使用
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃的,按合
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃同贴花
┃ ┃1‰贴花 ┃ ┃单据作为
8.借款合同┃银行及其他金融组 ┃按借款金 ┃立合同人 ┃合同使用
┃织和借款人(不包 ┃额0.05‰ ┃ ┃的,按合
┃括银行同业拆借) ┃贴花 ┃ ┃同贴花
━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━┻━━━━━┻━━━━━
印花税税目税率表(续一)
━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━
税 目 ┃ 范 围 ┃ 税 率 ┃纳税义务人┃ 说 明
━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━╋━━━━━╋━━━━━
9.财产保险┃所签订的借款合同 ┃按投保金 ┃ ┃单据作为
合同 ┃包括财产、责任、 ┃额0.03‰ ┃立合同人 ┃合同使用
┃保证、信用等保险 ┃贴花 ┃ ┃的,按合
┃合同 ┃ ┃ ┃同贴花
10.技术合同┃包括技术开发、转 ┃按所载金 ┃立合同人 ┃
┃让、咨询、服务等 ┃额0.3‰贴 ┃ ┃
┃合同。 ┃花 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
11.产权转移┃包括财产所有权和 ┃按所载金 ┃立据人 ┃
书据 ┃版权、商标专用权、┃额0.5‰贴 ┃ ┃
┃专利权、专有技术 ┃花 ┃ ┃
┃使用权等转移书据 ┃ ┃ ┃
12.营业帐薄┃生产经营用帐册 ┃记载资金 ┃立帐簿人 ┃
┃ ┃的帐簿, ┃ ┃
┃ ┃按固定资 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃产原值与 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃自有流动 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃资金总额 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃0.5‰贴花 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃其他帐簿 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃按件贴花 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃5元。 ┃ ┃
13.权利、许┃包括政府部门发给 ┃按件贴花 ┃领受人 ┃
可证照 ┃的房屋产权证、工 ┃5元。 ┃ ┃
┃商营业执照、商标 ┃ ┃ ┃
┃注册证、专利证、土┃ ┃ ┃
┃地使用证 ┃ ┃ ┃
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━┻━━━━━┻━━━━━
(附英文)

INTERIM REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON STAMP TAX[*1]

(Adopted by the Ninth Executive Meeting of the State Council onJune 24, 1988 and promulgated by Decree No. 11 of the State Council of thePeople's Republic of China on August 6, 1988, and become effective as ofOctober 1, 1988)

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON STAMP TAX
[*1]
(Adopted by the Ninth Executive Meeting of the State Council on
June 24, 1988 and promulgated by Decree No. 11 of the State Council of the
People's Republic of China on August 6, 1988, and become effective as of
October 1, 1988)
Article 1
All units and individuals who execute or receive, within the territory of
the People's Republic of China, documents in the categories specified in
these Regulations shall be taxpayers subject to stamp tax (hereinafter
referred to as "taxpayers"), and shall pay stamp tax in accordance with
the provisions of these Regulations.
Article 2
The following categories of documents shall be taxable documents:
(1) contracts or documents in the nature of a contract with regard to:
purchases and sales, the undertaking of processing, contracting for
construction projects, property leasing, commodity transport, warehousing,
loans, property insurance, technology;
(2) documents for transfer of property rights;
(3) business account books;
(4) certificates evidencing rights or licences; and
(5) other documents that are taxable as determined by the Ministry of
Finance.
Article 3
According to the nature of the taxable document, taxpayers shall calculate
the amount of tax due on the basis of a flat tax rate or a fixed amount
per document. Determination of the specific tax rate or amount of tax
shall be made with reference to the Schedule of Tax Items and Tax Rates
accompanying these Regualtions.
No stamp tax shall be due where the amount of tax payable does not exceed
one jiao. Where the amount of tax payable is one jiao or more, an odd
amount not exceeding five fen shall not be counted; where the odd amount
is five fen or more, the tax shall be calculated as one jiao.
Article 4
The following documents shall be exempt from stamp tax:
(1) duplicates or copies of documents on which stamp tax has already been
paid;
(2) documents executed for the donation of property to the government,
social welfare establishments or schools by the property owner;
(3) other documents which are exempt from stamp tax with the approval of
the Ministry of Finance.
Article 5
Measures for the payment of stamp tax shall be implemented whereby
taxpayers shall, in accordance with the provisions, calculate the amount
of tax payable and purchase and affix at one time the full corresponding
amount of tax stamps (hereinafter referred to as "stamping").
In order to simplify the stamping procedures where the amount of tax to be
paid is relatively large or where frequent stamping is necessary,
taxpayers may apply to the tax authorities to use a tax payment account
instead of stamping, or a periodic payment method.
Article 6
Tax stamps shall be affixed to taxable documents; taxpayers shall cancel
each stamp along its border with a seal or a drawn line. Tax stamps that
have already been affixed may not be reused.
Article 7
Tax stamps shall be affixed to taxable documents at the time of execution
or upon receipt.
Article 8
Where the same document is executed by two or more parties and each party
holds a copy, each party shall be responsible for affixing on its own copy
the full amount of tax stamps due.
Article 9
Where a document on which tax stamps have already been affixed is amended,
resulting in an increase in the value thereof, additional tax stamps shall
be affixed on the document in accordance with the amount of such increase.
Article 10
The tax authorities shall be responsible for the administration of the
collection of stamp tax.
Article 11
The State Taxation Bureau shall supervise the printing of the tax stamps.
The face value of tax stamps shall be denominated in Renminbi.
Article 12
Units issuing or processing taxable documents shall be responsible for the
supervision of taxpayers in respect of the payment of stamp tax in
accordance with the law.
Article 13
Where taxpayers are found to have engaged in any of the following, the tax
authorities shall impose penalties in light of the seriousness of the
case:
(1) in the case of a failure to affix tax stamps, or to affix an
insufficient amount of tax stamps, on taxable documents, the tax
authorities may, in addition to ordering taxpayers to make up the tax
stamps, impose a fine equal to twenty times or less the amount of tax
stamps due;
(2) in the case of a violation of the provisions of Paragraph 1 of Article
6 of these Regulations, the tax authorities may impose a fine equal to ten
times or less the amount of the tax stamps that have not been cancelled by
a seal or a drawn line; and
(3) in the case of a violation of the provisions of Paragraph 2 of Article
6 of these Regulations, the tax authorities may impose a fine equal to
thirty times or less the amount of the tax stamps that have been reused.
In a case where tax stamps have been forged, the tax authorities shall
submit the matter to the judicial authorities for investigation into
criminal liability in accordance with the law.
Article 14
The collection and administration of stamp tax shall, in addition to the
provisions of these Regulations, be administered in accordance with the
pertinent provisions of the Interim Regulations of the People's Republic
of China for Tax Administration.
Article 15
The Ministry of Finance shall be responsible for the interpretation of
these Regulations, The rules for the implementation of these Regulations
shall be formulated by the Ministry of Finance.
Article 16
These Regulations shall become effective as of October 1, 1988.
Appendix: Stamp Tax Schedule of Tax Items and Tax Rates
|================|==================|==========|==========|=======|
|Tax Item |Scope |Tax Rate |Tax Payer |Remarks|
|================|==================|==========|==========|=======|
|1. purchases |including con- |0.03% of |parties to| |
| and sales |tracts for supp- |the value |the | |
| contracts |ly, advanced |of the |contract | |
| |sales, institu- |purchase | | |
| |tional pur- |or sale- | | |
| |chases, combin- | | | |
| |ed purchase and | | | |
| |cooperative | | | |
| |manufacturing, | | | |
| |assembly com- | | | |
| |pensation trade, | | | |
| |barter, and so | | | |
| |on. | | | |
|----------------|------------------|----------|----------|-------|
|2. processing |including con- |stamping |parties to| |
| contracts |tracts for pro- |as 0.05% |the | |
| |cressing, special |of the in-|contract | |
| |orders, repair |come | | |
| |and renovation, |from pro- | | |
| |overhaul, print- |cessing or| | |
| |ing, advertising, |contract- | | |
| |surveying, |ing | | |
| |testing and so | | | |
| |on. | | | |
|----------------|------------------|----------|----------|-------|
|3. survey and |including con- |0.05% of |parties to| |
| design con- |tracts for survey |receipts |the | |
| tracts for |and design | |contract | |
| engineering | | | | |
| and construc-| | | | |
| tion projects| | | | |
|----------------|------------------|----------|----------|-------|
|4. construction |including con- |0.03% of |parties to| |
| and installa-|tracts for con- |the con- |the | |
| tion project |straction and in- |tracted |contract | |
| contracts |stallation |amount | | |
| |undertaking | | | |
|----------------|------------------|----------|----------|-------|
|5.property leas-|including con- |0.1% of |parties to| |
| ing contracts |tracts for leasing|the lease |the | |
| |of buildings, |amounts |contract | |
| |vessels, aircraft,|less than | | |
| |motor vehicles, |one yuan | | |
| |machinery, ap- |to be | | |
| |pliances and |stamped | | |
| |other such |as one | | |
| |equipment |yuan | | |
|================|==================|==========|==========|=======|
|=================|=================|=========|==========|=================|
|Tax Item |Scope |Tax Rate |Tax Payer |Remarks |
|=================|=================|=========|==========|=================|
|6. goods |including con- |0.05% of |parties to|where the |
| transporta- |tracts for civil |the |the |documents are |
| tion contracts|aviation, railway|transpor-|contract |used as con- |
| |transportation, |tation | |tracts, stamping |
| |maritime |fees | |shall be made to |
| |transportation, | | |the documents |
| |inland water- | | |as in the case of|
| |ways, overland | | |contracts |
| |and through | | | |
| |transportation | | | |
|-----------------|-----------------|---------|----------|-----------------|
|7. warehousing |including con- |0.01% of |parties to|where ware- |
| and safekeep- |tracts for |the ware-|the |housing or |
| ing contracts |warehousing |housing |contract |safekeeping |
| |and safekeeping |and | |receipts are used|
| | |safekeep-| |as contracts, |
| | |ing fee | |stamping shall |
| | | | |be made to the |
| | | | |documents as in |
| | | | |the case of |
| | | | |contracts |
|-----------------|-----------------|---------|----------|-----------------|
|8. contracts for | including con- |0.005% of|parties to|if documents are |
| loan | tracts for loan |the loan |the |used as con- |
| | entered by |amount |contract |tracts, stamping |
| | banks and other | | |shall be made to |
| | financial | | |the documents |
| | organizations | | |in the case of |
| | and borrowers | | |contracts |
| | except interbank| | | |
| | loan agreements | | | |
|-----------------|-----------------|---------|----------|-----------------|
|9. property in- | including in |0.003% of|parties to|if documents are |
| surance | surance con- |the |the |used as con- |
| contracts | tracts for pro- |amount |contract |tracts, stamping |
| | perty, bonding, |insured | |shall be made to |
| | guarantee, sure-| | |the documents |
| | ty and credit | | |as in the case of|
| | undertakings | | |contracts |
| | and so on | | | |
|-----------------|-----------------|---------|----------|-----------------|
|10. technology | including con- |0.03% of |parties to| |
| contracts | tracts for |the in- |the | |
| | technology |dicated |contract | |
| | development |amount | | |
| | and transfer, | | | |
| | consulting, ser-| | | |
| | vice, and so on | | | |
|=================|=================|=========|==========|=================|
|===============|==================|=============|============|========|
|Tax Item |Scope |Tax Rate |Tax payer |Remarks |
|===============|==================|=============|============|========|
|11. property |including |0.05% of |parties ex- | |
| transfer |transfer |the amount |ecuting the | |
| documents |documents for |indicated |document(s) | |
| |property owner- | | | |
| |ship and | | | |
| |copyrights, | | | |
| |trademark | | | |
| |rights, patents, | | | |
| |the right to the | | | |
| |use of pro- | | | |
| |prietary | | | |
| |technology and | | | |
| |so on | | | |
|---------------|------------------|-------------|------------|--------|
|12.business |account books |account |business ac-| |
| accounting |used for produc- |books for |counting | |
| documents |tion and |recording |entities | |
| |business |funds: 0.05% | | |
| |operations |of the total | | |
| | |amount of | | |
| | |the original | | |
| | |value of fix-| | |
| | |ed assets | | |
| | |and self- | | |
| | |owned | | |
| | |working | | |
| | |capital; | | |
| | |other ac- | | |
| | |count | | |
| | |books: 5 | | |
| | |yuan for | | |
| | |each | | |
|---------------|------------------|-------------|------------|--------|
|13.certificates|including cer- |5 yuan per |receiver(s) | |
| and licences|tificates of title|document |of the | |
| |for buildings, | |document(s) | |
| |business | | | |
| |licences for in- | | | |
| |dustry and com- | | | |
| |merce, cer- | | | |
| |tificates for | | | |
| |registration of | | | |
| |trade-marks, cer- | | | |
| |tificates of | | | |
| |patents, and | | | |
| |land use | | | |
| |certificates | | | |
|===============|==================|=============|============|========|
Note:
[*1] According to the interpretation of Rules for the Implementation of
the Interim Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Stamp Tax,
promulgated by the Ministry of Finance on September 29, 1988, the Interim
Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Stamp Tax shall also
apply to Chinese-foreign Equity joint ventures. Chinese-foreign
contractual joint ventures, foreign-capital enterprises, foreign
companies, enterprises and other economic organizations as well as their
resident offices in China. -The Editor.


中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅关于2001年元旦、春节期间继续不搞相互走访和拜年活动的通知

中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅


中共中央办公厅 国务院办公厅关于2001年元旦、春节期间继续不搞相互走访和拜年活动的通知

厅字〔2000〕59号

各省、自治区、直辖市党委和人民政府,各大军区党委,中央和国家机关各部委,军委各总部、各军兵种党委,各人民团体:

  2000年春节前夕,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅曾向中央和国家机关各部委发出《关于春节期间党政机关不搞相互走访等拜年活动的通知》(厅字〔2000〕3号),要求“春节期间,除党中央、国务院举办的春节团拜会外,中央和国家机关各部委一律不搞相互走访等拜年活动”。2001年元旦、春节即将来临,各地区、各部门要继续执行厅字〔2000〕3号文件的这一规定,不搞相互走访和拜年活动。各级党委、政府要认真安排和组织好元旦、春节期间人民群众的物质文化生活,各级领导干部要深入困难企业、灾区和贫困地区,帮助群众解决生活中的实际问题,把党和政府的温暖送到千家万户。凡借节日走访拜年之名请客送礼、铺张浪费的,要严肃处理,并及时予以曝光。

  今后每年元旦、春节期间都按以上精神办理,中央不再发文。

中共中央办公厅 

国务院办公厅  

2000年12月9日